History of European civilization. Middle Ages. Expeditions. Trade. Utopias

Volume "The Middle Ages. Expeditions. Trade. Utopias" highlights the events that took place in various areas of European civilization during the 15th century. It is during this period that the formation of a modern State in the modern sense of the word begins. This complex process is taking place against the background of the growing church crisis, besides, there are constant wars between different states and their associations. But in the middle of the century, the Hundred Years' War ends, and this contributes to the unification of France and the strengthening of the monarchy in England. The end of the Reconquista in 1492 became a reference point not only in the formation of a unified Spain, but also considered the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of a new era - the Renaissance. In the same year, the New World - America - was discovered. Trade is developing rapidly, new manufactories are appearing. All this leads to the flourishing of art, literature, philosophy and culture. The edition is supplemented with rich illustrative material - world-famous masterpieces, first prints from many museums of the world, etc.